Mobile Adhoc Network and its types

Mobile Ad Hoc Network

Among the entire communication networks available today, the popularity of wireless networks has recently been appreciated for their wide applicability and versatility. It completely changed science and technology, and added convenience and beauty to modern life. Due to the convergence of wireless technology and traditional wired devices, complex technologies have become simpler and easier to use. Wireless technology is integrated with our personal and professional lives in the form of mobile phones, wireless fidelity (WiFi), Bluetooth, tele-medicine, etc. Today, we completely rely on these types of devices and applications to meet our comfort and needs. Various wireless networks exist, from the most popular infrastructure-based cellular networks to the latest and most advanced self-organizing and sensor networks.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network [MANET] is a decentralized network in which mobile nodes are connected via wireless links without any pre-established infrastructure. The high degree of freedom and self-organization capabilities make it completely different from other networks. It is one of the most challenging and innovative areas in wireless networks, with many applications in different areas. These applications are suitable for disaster management, rescue operations, vehicle networks, agricultural sensors, pollution monitoring, and more. Ad hoc networks improve the efficiency of fixed and mobile Internet access and support new applications such as sensors and mesh networks. With its significant advantages over traditional wired networks, there are still unsolved challenges such as unpredictable mobility, limited battery power, limited bandwidth, multi-hop routing, dynamic topology, and security. Among them, the effective use of energy is one of the important issues because the nodes are powered by batteries. Energy efficiency remains a key performance indicator, because effective energy use can extend the life of the network, so increasing network capacity is critical. Therefore, people strive to reduce energy consumption in different ways. Recently, it has been reported in the literature that power saving can be realized at all layers of the network protocol stack. Different studies have proposed different techniques to address energy problems in different ways. In this article, we propose three techniques to reduce power consumption at the protocol level. The first technique reduces power consumption by logically dividing the network, while the second technique applies power control at the node level to reduce the transmit power of the node. In topology control technology, inefficient links are eliminated to increase network capacity.

(MANET) is a non-infrastructure network that is continually self-configuring and is comprised of wireless connected mobile devices. Ad hoc is Latin and means "for this purpose". Each device in MANET can move independently in any direction freely, so its links with other devices are frequently changed. Each must forward traffic unrelated to its own use, and therefore must be a router. The main challenge in building MANET is to equip each device to continuously maintain the information needed to route traffic correctly. These networks can operate independently, or they can be connected to a larger Internet. They can contain one or more different transceivers between nodes. This leads to a highly dynamic autonomous topology. MANET is a special wireless network, which usually has a rout-able network environment on a special link layer network. Compared with a mesh network with a central controller (used to determine, optimize, and distribute routing tables), MANET consists of a self-formed, self-healing peer-to-peer network. MANET around 2000-2015 usually communicated on a radio frequency (30MHz).

Since the mid-1990s, the development of notebook computers and 802.11/WiFi wireless networks has made MANET a hot research topic. Many academic articles evaluate the protocols and their capabilities, assuming varying degrees of mobility in a delimited space, generally, all nodes are within a few jumps of each other. Then evaluate the different protocols based on measures such as packet loss rate, overhead introduced by routing protocols, end-to-end packet delay, network performance, and scalability.

 

Types of MANET

• Vehicle Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is used for communication between vehicles and road equipment. Intelligent Vehicle Self-Organizing Networks (in VANET) are a type of artificial intelligence that can help vehicles behave intelligently during vehicle collisions and accidents.

• Smart Phone Ad Hoc Networks (SPAN) uses existing hardware (primarily Bluetooth and WiFi) in business smartphones to create peer-to-peer networks without relying on cellular carrier networks, wireless access points, or traditional network infrastructure. SPAN is different from traditional hub and radio networks (such as WiFi Direct) in that they support multi-hop relay and there is no concept of group leader, so peers can join and leave at will without disrupting the network.

• Internet-based mobile ad hoc network (iMANET) is an ad hoc network linking mobile nodes and fixed Internet gateway nodes. For example, in a classic HubSpoke VPN, multiple subMANETs can be connected to create a geographically distributed MANET. In this type of network, the normal self-organizing routing algorithms cannot be applied directly. One implementation is cloud relay for persistent systems.

• Military / Tactical MANET is used by military units with a focus on security, range, and integration with existing systems. Common waveforms include US Army sSRW, Harris ANW2 and HNW, Persistent Systems Wave Relay, Trellisware TSM, and Silvus Technologies Stream Caster.

• The mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an ad hoc network, but the ad hoc network is not necessarily MANET.

In a mobile ad hoc network (MANET), mobile units can communicate directly with each other over a wireless link without a fixed wiring infrastructure.

MANET is different from wireless mobile networks which are generally made up of static wired networks. The fixed host and the base station are interconnected through a high-speed wired network, and the mobile wireless part, where the mobile unit communicates with the base station through a wireless connection.

A base station can only communicate with mobile units that move within its coverage area called a cell. Mobile units can only communicate with each other through at least one base station. The mobile unit is powered by a battery, while the base station is powered by a stable power supply system of the static network.

In MANET, as long as the mobile unit is within its communication coverage, each mobile unit can move freely and directly communicate with another mobile unit.

The design of power-saving routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks is necessary for universal acceptance of portable ad hoc network devices. We are targeting networks that are concerned about power consumption but still require a reasonable level of performance. Naive attempts to minimize the network to reduce power usage can cause the network to perform poorly on performance indicators. For the target network, a compromise must be found between good performance and power usage. Finding a balance between these two competing factors is not easy. We introduce a joint energy performance index that combines these two parameters, and use this index to evaluate routing protocols in self-organizing mobile networks. Most of the work in self-organizing networks is focused on improving routing attributes and routing efficiency. However, recent work has addressed the power constraints that limit the performance of routing protocols. Therefore, suitable indicators have been discussed that take into account the consumed and remaining battery power. Other tasks, such as solving energy-saving routing, minimizing power consumption, and maximizing network life. However, the purpose of this article is not to mimic previous work and attempt to build a new routing protocol to encapsulate all required attributes, but rather to be able to develop a classification mechanism so that existing and accepted protocols can be evaluated based on of its energy efficiency. In addition, we are trying to provide an indicator that we hope can be used to assess how the new agreement compares to the established agreement.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of autonomous nodes or terminals that communicate forming a multi-hop radio network and maintaining decentralized connectivity. Nodes can move and your network topology can be temporary. Each node acts as a client, server, and router. In such a network, there is no centralized management. Each node can join or leave the network at any time.

Routing protocols in this type of network can be divided into three main categories:

• Active routing protocols: They are based on the same principles as the routing of wired networks. The route on this route is pre-calculated. Each node maintains multiple routing tables by exchanging control packets between neighbors. In fact, if a node wants to communicate with each other, it has the ability to look at the local routing table and create the routes it needs. OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) and FSR (Fisheye State Routing) are examples of active routing protocols.

• Reactive routing protocol: Unlike active protocols, reactive protocols calculate routes on demand. If the source node needs to send a message to the target node, it will send a request to all members of the network. After receiving the request, the destination node sends a response to the source node. However, because the investigation path may reduce application performance, routing applications are slower. The disadvantage of this protocol is that it is very expensive in terms of power and data packet transmission when determining the route, but its advantage is that it does not have to store unused information in the routing table. AODV is an example of the reactive protocol described below.

• Hybrid routing protocol: Hybrid or "hybrid" routing protocol combines the first two types of routing (active and passive). The active protocol is applied to a small area around the source (a limited number of neighbors), while the reactive protocol is applied to an area beyond this range (a remote neighbor). This combination is done to take advantage of each method and overcome its limitations. ZRP (Regional Routing Protocol) and CBRP (Cluster-Based Routing Protocol) are two important examples of hybrid protocols. One of the main and most critical factors in the ad hoc network is the limited battery power. A lot of work is focused on this configuration to reduce battery consumption. Exchanging unnecessary control messages on a regular basis to improve reliability may cause energy waste.

AODV (Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol) is a reactive routing protocol designed by Charles E. Perkins and Elizabeth M. Royer. The protocol uses four types of control messages to send data packets. The first type is the HELLO message. This type of news is exchanged regularly to maintain a neighborhood base. RREQ, RREP, and RRER are used to establish a route to the destination when any node wants to send data. The number of this control package has an obvious resource wasting effect.

To overcome the power consumption problem in this protocol, we designed a new solution that can reduce the number of HELLO messages exchanged and include power consumption factors that are useful for routing messages later. First, we try to minimize the number of greeting message exchanges. Second, we replace the regular sending time of the greeting message with another time proportional to the energy stored in the node's battery. The node receiver of this greeting message performs the opposite action to extract information proportional to the energy of the node sender and the same information contained in the greeting message.

Inserting this parameter will not affect the operation or the information contained in the exchanged message, and then we can obtain new information, which we can use to select routing.

Mobile phone and Network

All mobile operations rely on power. If we want to do more operations, energy conservation is the most important issue in wireless mobile computing due to the power limitation of mobile units. We often argue with friends about energy consumption. Power consumption is an important issue in mobile ad hoc networks.

Today, human life is completely dependent on mobile devices. Therefore, power consumption is very important in ad hoc mobile networks.

 

Mobile:

Mobile is a device that can be moved from one place to another. Mobile devices are wireless devices and they are very useful for many tasks.

Mobile phone (also known as a cell phone, cell phone, hand phone, or telephone for short) is a phone that can make and receive calls over a radio link while moving over a wide geographic area. To do this, it connects to the cellular network provided by the mobile device, which allows access to the public telephone network. In contrast, cordless phones are only used within a short distance of a single dedicated base station.

In addition to phones, modern mobile phones also support a variety of other services, such as SMS, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communication (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, games, and photography. Mobile phones that provide these and other more general computing capabilities are called smart phones.

The first portable mobile phone was demonstrated in 1973 by Motorola's John F. Mitchell and Dr. Martin Cooper using a mobile phone weighing approximately 4.4 pounds (2 kg). In 1983, DynaTAC 8000x took the lead in the market. From 1983 to 2014, global mobile phone users increased from zero to more than 7 billion, penetrated 100% of the world's population, and reached the bottom of the economic pyramid. In 2014, the main mobile phone manufacturers were Samsung, Nokia, Apple and LG.

 

History:

Handheld cordless mobile phones are an ancient dream in radio engineering. One of the earliest descriptions can be found in Robert Heinlein's 1948 science fiction novel "Space Cadet." The protagonist has just left for Colorado from his home in Iowa, and the phone in his pocket receives a call from his father. Before heading to Earth orbit, he decided to send the phone home, "because it is so short that it can only reach the relay office on earth." Ten years later, Arthur C. Clark (Arthur C. Clarke) An Clarke's article envisions a "personal, small and compact transceiver, and everyone can carry one." Clark wrote: "We can call anyone anywhere on the planet by dialing a number." In Clark's vision, such devices will also include means of global positioning so that "no one gets lost again." Later, in the "Overview of the Future," he predicted that this device would appear in the mid-1980s. The early predecessors to the cell phone included analog radio communications from ships and trains. The race to manufacture true portable telephone equipment began after World War II and many countries are developing it. The progress of mobile phones can be traced back to early "0G" (generation zero) services, such as the Bell System mobile phone service and the enhanced mobile phone service of its successors. These "0G" systems are not cellular systems, they support few simultaneous calls and are very expensive.

Motorola demonstrated its first handheld mobile phone in 1973. NTT launched the first commercial automated cellular network in Japan in 1979. In 1981, the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system was subsequently launched simultaneously in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Several other countries followed suit in the early and mid-1980s. These first generation ("1G") systems can support more simultaneous calls, but still use analog technology.

In 1991, Radiolinja launched second generation (2G) digital cellular technology based on the GSM standard in Finland, sparking competition in the industry as new operators challenged existing 1G network operators.

Ten years later, in 2001, NTT Do Como launched the third generation (3G) of the WCDMA standard in Japan. It is closely followed by the 3.5G, 3G + or Turbo 3G enhancements based on the High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) series, which allow the UMTS network to have higher speed and data transmission capacity. From 2001 to 2009, it is clear that at some point, 3G networks will be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth intensive applications such as streaming media. Therefore, the industry has started looking for data-optimized fourth-generation technology, which is expected to increase the speed to 10 times that of existing 3G technology. The first two commercial technologies known as 4G are the WiMAX standard (provided by Sprint in the US) and the LTE standard, initially provided by TeliaSonera in Scandinavia. 

 

Features of Mobile Phones:

All mobile phones have many common features, but manufacturers are also trying to implement additional features to differentiate their products and make them more attractive to consumers. This has led to great innovations in mobile phone development over the past 20 years. Common components on all phones are:

• Battery, which provides power for phone functions.

• An input mechanism that allows users to interact with the phone. The most common input mechanism is the keyboard, but touchscreens can also be found on most smartphones.

• In response to user input on the screen, display text messages, contacts, and more.

• A basic mobile phone service that allows users to make calls and send text messages.

• All GSM mobile phones use SIM cards to allow the exchange of accounts between devices. Some CDMA devices also have similar cards called UIM.

• Individual GSM, WCDMA, iDEN devices and certain satellite phones are uniquely identified by International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) numbers.

Low-end phones are usually called feature phones and provide basic phone functions. Mobile phones that have more advanced computing capabilities through the use of native software applications are called smart phones.

However, in terms of sound quality, smartphones and feature phones are very limited. Some functions that can improve audio quality, such as LTE voice and high-definition voice, have appeared, and are usually available on newer smartphones. Sound quality is still a problem for both of you, because it depends not so much on the phone itself as on the quality of the network, in case a long time passes and a bottleneck/blocking point is found on the way. Therefore, in long distance calls, even LTE voice, high definition voice and other functions may not improve the situation. In some cases, smartphones can even improve the audio quality of long distance calls by using VoIP phone services and other people's WiFi / Internet connections. Launched several series of phones to address specific market segments, such as RIM BlackBerry that focuses on the email needs of corporate / corporate customers; Sony Ericsson `Walkman` series mobile phones / music and` Cyber ​​shot` series mobile phones / cameras; Nokia N series, Palm Pre, HTC Dream and Apple iPhone multimedia phones.

 

Using Mobile Phones:

Mobile phones have many uses, such as keeping in touch with family members, conducting business, and using the phone in emergency situations. Some people carry more than one mobile phone for different purposes, such as business and personal use. You can also use multiple SIM cards to take advantage of the different calling plans; specific plans may offer cheaper local calls, long distance calls, international calls, or roaming. Mobile phones are also used in various social settings, such as:

• A Motorola study found that one in ten mobile phone users owns a second phone, and that phone is generally kept secret from other family members. These phones can be used for activities such as extramarital affairs or secret business transactions.

• Some organizations assist victims of domestic violence by providing mobile phones for use in emergency situations. These are usually refurbished phones.

• The appearance of text messages gave rise to mobile novels. The first literary genre to appear in the honeycomb age, the first to be sent by SMS to a website that collects complete novels.

• Mobile phones also promote activism and public journalism that Reuters and Yahoo are exploring. And small independent news companies, like Sri Lanka's Jasmine News.

• The United Nations reports that mobile phones are spreading faster than any other technology and can improve the lives of the poorest people in developing countries by providing access to information where there are no landlines or the Internet, especially in least developed countries. Country: The use of mobile phones has also led to a large number of micro-enterprises by providing jobs, such as selling airtime on the street and repairing or refurbishing mobile phones.

• In Mali and other African countries, people used to travel from village to village to inform their family and friends about weddings, births and other events. These activities are now avoided within mobile phone coverage, which is usually better than landline coverage. The coverage is greater.

• The television industry has recently started using mobile phones to promote live television viewing through mobile applications, advertising, social television, and mobile television. 86% of Americans use cell phones while watching television.

• Mobile phone sharing is common in some parts of the world. It is common in Indian cities because groups of family and friends often share one or more mobile phones among their members. There are obvious economic benefits, but generally family customs and traditional gender roles also play a role. Usually a village only uses a mobile phone, which may be owned by a teacher or missionary, but all members of the village can make the necessary calls. 

 

Ad hoc:

Ad hoc means temporary. An ad hoc network is a group of wireless mobile computers (or nodes) in which each node cooperates by forwarding data packets to each other to allow the nodes to communicate outside the direct wireless transmission range.

 

Network:

A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In computer networks, networked computing devices transfer data to each other over data connections (network links). The data is transmitted in the form of data packets. The connection between the nodes is established by wired means or wireless means. The most famous computer network is the Internet.

The network computing equipment that initiates, routes, and terminates data is called a network node. Nodes can include hosts such as people, phones, servers, and network hardware. When a device can exchange information with another device, regardless of whether they are directly connected to each other, it can be said that two of these devices are networked. The computer network differs in the transmission medium used to carry its signals, the communication protocol used to organize network traffic, network scale, topology, and organizational intent. In most cases, communication protocols overlap (i.e. they use) other more specific or general communication protocols, except for the physical layer that directly deals with the transmission medium.

Computer network support applications, such as access to the World Wide Web, shared servers, printers and fax machines, and use of e-mail and instant messaging applications. A network is a group of two or more interconnected computer systems. There are many types of computer networks, including:

• Local Area Network (LAN)-Computers are geographically close together (that is, in the same building).

• Wide Area Network (WAN)- Computers are further separated and connected by telephone lines or radio waves.

• Camp Network (CAN)-Computers are located in a limited geographic area, such as a campus or military base.

• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)-A data network designed for towns or cities.

• Home Area Network (HAN) - A network contained in a user's home, used to connect personal digital devices.