Among the entire communication networks available today, the popularity of wireless networks has recently been appreciated for their wide applicability and versatility. It completely changed science and technology, and added convenience and beauty to modern life. Due to the convergence of wireless technology and traditional wired devices, complex technologies have become simpler and easier to use. Wireless technology is integrated with our personal and professional lives in the form of mobile phones, wireless fidelity (WiFi), Bluetooth, tele-medicine, etc. Today, we completely rely on these types of devices and applications to meet our comfort and needs. Various wireless networks exist, from the most popular infrastructure-based cellular networks to the latest and most advanced self-organizing and sensor networks.
Mobile Ad Hoc Network [MANET] is a decentralized network in which mobile nodes are connected via wireless links without any pre-established infrastructure. The high degree of freedom and self-organization capabilities make it completely different from other networks. It is one of the most challenging and innovative areas in wireless networks, with many applications in different areas. These applications are suitable for disaster management, rescue operations, vehicle networks, agricultural sensors, pollution monitoring, and more. Ad hoc networks improve the efficiency of fixed and mobile Internet access and support new applications such as sensors and mesh networks. With its significant advantages over traditional wired networks, there are still unsolved challenges such as unpredictable mobility, limited battery power, limited bandwidth, multi-hop routing, dynamic topology, and security. Among them, the effective use of energy is one of the important issues because the nodes are powered by batteries. Energy efficiency remains a key performance indicator, because effective energy use can extend the life of the network, so increasing network capacity is critical. Therefore, people strive to reduce energy consumption in different ways. Recently, it has been reported in the literature that power saving can be realized at all layers of the network protocol stack. Different studies have proposed different techniques to address energy problems in different ways. In this article, we propose three techniques to reduce power consumption at the protocol level. The first technique reduces power consumption by logically dividing the network, while the second technique applies power control at the node level to reduce the transmit power of the node. In topology control technology, inefficient links are eliminated to increase network capacity.
(MANET) is a non-infrastructure network that is continually self-configuring and is comprised of wireless connected mobile devices. Ad hoc is Latin and means "for this purpose". Each device in MANET can move independently in any direction freely, so its links with other devices are frequently changed. Each must forward traffic unrelated to its own use, and therefore must be a router. The main challenge in building MANET is to equip each device to continuously maintain the information needed to route traffic correctly. These networks can operate independently, or they can be connected to a larger Internet. They can contain one or more different transceivers between nodes. This leads to a highly dynamic autonomous topology. MANET is a special wireless network, which usually has a rout-able network environment on a special link layer network. Compared with a mesh network with a central controller (used to determine, optimize, and distribute routing tables), MANET consists of a self-formed, self-healing peer-to-peer network. MANET around 2000-2015 usually communicated on a radio frequency (30MHz).
Since the mid-1990s, the development of notebook computers and 802.11/WiFi wireless networks has made MANET a hot research topic. Many academic articles evaluate the protocols and their capabilities, assuming varying degrees of mobility in a delimited space, generally, all nodes are within a few jumps of each other. Then evaluate the different protocols based on measures such as packet loss rate, overhead introduced by routing protocols, end-to-end packet delay, network performance, and scalability.
Types of MANET
• Vehicle Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is used for communication between vehicles and road equipment. Intelligent Vehicle Self-Organizing Networks (in VANET) are a type of artificial intelligence that can help vehicles behave intelligently during vehicle collisions and accidents.
• Smart Phone Ad Hoc Networks (SPAN) uses existing hardware (primarily Bluetooth and WiFi) in business smartphones to create peer-to-peer networks without relying on cellular carrier networks, wireless access points, or traditional network infrastructure. SPAN is different from traditional hub and radio networks (such as WiFi Direct) in that they support multi-hop relay and there is no concept of group leader, so peers can join and leave at will without disrupting the network.
• Internet-based mobile ad hoc network (iMANET) is an ad hoc network linking mobile nodes and fixed Internet gateway nodes. For example, in a classic HubSpoke VPN, multiple subMANETs can be connected to create a geographically distributed MANET. In this type of network, the normal self-organizing routing algorithms cannot be applied directly. One implementation is cloud relay for persistent systems.
• Military / Tactical MANET is used by military units with a focus on security, range, and integration with existing systems. Common waveforms include US Army sSRW, Harris ANW2 and HNW, Persistent Systems Wave Relay, Trellisware TSM, and Silvus Technologies Stream Caster.
• The mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an ad hoc network, but the ad hoc network is not necessarily MANET.
In a mobile ad hoc network (MANET), mobile units can communicate directly with each other over a wireless link without a fixed wiring infrastructure.
MANET is different from wireless mobile networks which are generally made up of static wired networks. The fixed host and the base station are interconnected through a high-speed wired network, and the mobile wireless part, where the mobile unit communicates with the base station through a wireless connection.
A base station can only communicate with mobile units that move within its coverage area called a cell. Mobile units can only communicate with each other through at least one base station. The mobile unit is powered by a battery, while the base station is powered by a stable power supply system of the static network.
In MANET, as long as the mobile unit is within its communication coverage, each mobile unit can move freely and directly communicate with another mobile unit.
The design of power-saving routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks is necessary for universal acceptance of portable ad hoc network devices. We are targeting networks that are concerned about power consumption but still require a reasonable level of performance. Naive attempts to minimize the network to reduce power usage can cause the network to perform poorly on performance indicators. For the target network, a compromise must be found between good performance and power usage. Finding a balance between these two competing factors is not easy. We introduce a joint energy performance index that combines these two parameters, and use this index to evaluate routing protocols in self-organizing mobile networks. Most of the work in self-organizing networks is focused on improving routing attributes and routing efficiency. However, recent work has addressed the power constraints that limit the performance of routing protocols. Therefore, suitable indicators have been discussed that take into account the consumed and remaining battery power. Other tasks, such as solving energy-saving routing, minimizing power consumption, and maximizing network life. However, the purpose of this article is not to mimic previous work and attempt to build a new routing protocol to encapsulate all required attributes, but rather to be able to develop a classification mechanism so that existing and accepted protocols can be evaluated based on of its energy efficiency. In addition, we are trying to provide an indicator that we hope can be used to assess how the new agreement compares to the established agreement.
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of autonomous nodes or terminals that communicate forming a multi-hop radio network and maintaining decentralized connectivity. Nodes can move and your network topology can be temporary. Each node acts as a client, server, and router. In such a network, there is no centralized management. Each node can join or leave the network at any time.
Routing protocols in this type of network can be divided into three main categories:
• Active routing protocols: They are based on the same principles as the routing of wired networks. The route on this route is pre-calculated. Each node maintains multiple routing tables by exchanging control packets between neighbors. In fact, if a node wants to communicate with each other, it has the ability to look at the local routing table and create the routes it needs. OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) and FSR (Fisheye State Routing) are examples of active routing protocols.
• Reactive routing protocol: Unlike active protocols, reactive protocols calculate routes on demand. If the source node needs to send a message to the target node, it will send a request to all members of the network. After receiving the request, the destination node sends a response to the source node. However, because the investigation path may reduce application performance, routing applications are slower. The disadvantage of this protocol is that it is very expensive in terms of power and data packet transmission when determining the route, but its advantage is that it does not have to store unused information in the routing table. AODV is an example of the reactive protocol described below.
• Hybrid routing protocol: Hybrid or "hybrid" routing protocol combines the first two types of routing (active and passive). The active protocol is applied to a small area around the source (a limited number of neighbors), while the reactive protocol is applied to an area beyond this range (a remote neighbor). This combination is done to take advantage of each method and overcome its limitations. ZRP (Regional Routing Protocol) and CBRP (Cluster-Based Routing Protocol) are two important examples of hybrid protocols. One of the main and most critical factors in the ad hoc network is the limited battery power. A lot of work is focused on this configuration to reduce battery consumption. Exchanging unnecessary control messages on a regular basis to improve reliability may cause energy waste.
AODV (Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol) is a reactive routing protocol designed by Charles E. Perkins and Elizabeth M. Royer. The protocol uses four types of control messages to send data packets. The first type is the HELLO message. This type of news is exchanged regularly to maintain a neighborhood base. RREQ, RREP, and RRER are used to establish a route to the destination when any node wants to send data. The number of this control package has an obvious resource wasting effect.
To overcome the power consumption problem in this protocol, we designed a new solution that can reduce the number of HELLO messages exchanged and include power consumption factors that are useful for routing messages later. First, we try to minimize the number of greeting message exchanges. Second, we replace the regular sending time of the greeting message with another time proportional to the energy stored in the node's battery. The node receiver of this greeting message performs the opposite action to extract information proportional to the energy of the node sender and the same information contained in the greeting message.
Inserting this parameter will not affect the operation or the information contained in the exchanged message, and then we can obtain new information, which we can use to select routing.
