Mobile phone and Network

All mobile operations rely on power. If we want to do more operations, energy conservation is the most important issue in wireless mobile computing due to the power limitation of mobile units. We often argue with friends about energy consumption. Power consumption is an important issue in mobile ad hoc networks.

Today, human life is completely dependent on mobile devices. Therefore, power consumption is very important in ad hoc mobile networks.

 

Mobile:

Mobile is a device that can be moved from one place to another. Mobile devices are wireless devices and they are very useful for many tasks.

Mobile phone (also known as a cell phone, cell phone, hand phone, or telephone for short) is a phone that can make and receive calls over a radio link while moving over a wide geographic area. To do this, it connects to the cellular network provided by the mobile device, which allows access to the public telephone network. In contrast, cordless phones are only used within a short distance of a single dedicated base station.

In addition to phones, modern mobile phones also support a variety of other services, such as SMS, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communication (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, games, and photography. Mobile phones that provide these and other more general computing capabilities are called smart phones.

The first portable mobile phone was demonstrated in 1973 by Motorola's John F. Mitchell and Dr. Martin Cooper using a mobile phone weighing approximately 4.4 pounds (2 kg). In 1983, DynaTAC 8000x took the lead in the market. From 1983 to 2014, global mobile phone users increased from zero to more than 7 billion, penetrated 100% of the world's population, and reached the bottom of the economic pyramid. In 2014, the main mobile phone manufacturers were Samsung, Nokia, Apple and LG.

 

History:

Handheld cordless mobile phones are an ancient dream in radio engineering. One of the earliest descriptions can be found in Robert Heinlein's 1948 science fiction novel "Space Cadet." The protagonist has just left for Colorado from his home in Iowa, and the phone in his pocket receives a call from his father. Before heading to Earth orbit, he decided to send the phone home, "because it is so short that it can only reach the relay office on earth." Ten years later, Arthur C. Clark (Arthur C. Clarke) An Clarke's article envisions a "personal, small and compact transceiver, and everyone can carry one." Clark wrote: "We can call anyone anywhere on the planet by dialing a number." In Clark's vision, such devices will also include means of global positioning so that "no one gets lost again." Later, in the "Overview of the Future," he predicted that this device would appear in the mid-1980s. The early predecessors to the cell phone included analog radio communications from ships and trains. The race to manufacture true portable telephone equipment began after World War II and many countries are developing it. The progress of mobile phones can be traced back to early "0G" (generation zero) services, such as the Bell System mobile phone service and the enhanced mobile phone service of its successors. These "0G" systems are not cellular systems, they support few simultaneous calls and are very expensive.

Motorola demonstrated its first handheld mobile phone in 1973. NTT launched the first commercial automated cellular network in Japan in 1979. In 1981, the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system was subsequently launched simultaneously in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Several other countries followed suit in the early and mid-1980s. These first generation ("1G") systems can support more simultaneous calls, but still use analog technology.

In 1991, Radiolinja launched second generation (2G) digital cellular technology based on the GSM standard in Finland, sparking competition in the industry as new operators challenged existing 1G network operators.

Ten years later, in 2001, NTT Do Como launched the third generation (3G) of the WCDMA standard in Japan. It is closely followed by the 3.5G, 3G + or Turbo 3G enhancements based on the High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) series, which allow the UMTS network to have higher speed and data transmission capacity. From 2001 to 2009, it is clear that at some point, 3G networks will be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth intensive applications such as streaming media. Therefore, the industry has started looking for data-optimized fourth-generation technology, which is expected to increase the speed to 10 times that of existing 3G technology. The first two commercial technologies known as 4G are the WiMAX standard (provided by Sprint in the US) and the LTE standard, initially provided by TeliaSonera in Scandinavia. 

 

Features of Mobile Phones:

All mobile phones have many common features, but manufacturers are also trying to implement additional features to differentiate their products and make them more attractive to consumers. This has led to great innovations in mobile phone development over the past 20 years. Common components on all phones are:

• Battery, which provides power for phone functions.

• An input mechanism that allows users to interact with the phone. The most common input mechanism is the keyboard, but touchscreens can also be found on most smartphones.

• In response to user input on the screen, display text messages, contacts, and more.

• A basic mobile phone service that allows users to make calls and send text messages.

• All GSM mobile phones use SIM cards to allow the exchange of accounts between devices. Some CDMA devices also have similar cards called UIM.

• Individual GSM, WCDMA, iDEN devices and certain satellite phones are uniquely identified by International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) numbers.

Low-end phones are usually called feature phones and provide basic phone functions. Mobile phones that have more advanced computing capabilities through the use of native software applications are called smart phones.

However, in terms of sound quality, smartphones and feature phones are very limited. Some functions that can improve audio quality, such as LTE voice and high-definition voice, have appeared, and are usually available on newer smartphones. Sound quality is still a problem for both of you, because it depends not so much on the phone itself as on the quality of the network, in case a long time passes and a bottleneck/blocking point is found on the way. Therefore, in long distance calls, even LTE voice, high definition voice and other functions may not improve the situation. In some cases, smartphones can even improve the audio quality of long distance calls by using VoIP phone services and other people's WiFi / Internet connections. Launched several series of phones to address specific market segments, such as RIM BlackBerry that focuses on the email needs of corporate / corporate customers; Sony Ericsson `Walkman` series mobile phones / music and` Cyber ​​shot` series mobile phones / cameras; Nokia N series, Palm Pre, HTC Dream and Apple iPhone multimedia phones.

 

Using Mobile Phones:

Mobile phones have many uses, such as keeping in touch with family members, conducting business, and using the phone in emergency situations. Some people carry more than one mobile phone for different purposes, such as business and personal use. You can also use multiple SIM cards to take advantage of the different calling plans; specific plans may offer cheaper local calls, long distance calls, international calls, or roaming. Mobile phones are also used in various social settings, such as:

• A Motorola study found that one in ten mobile phone users owns a second phone, and that phone is generally kept secret from other family members. These phones can be used for activities such as extramarital affairs or secret business transactions.

• Some organizations assist victims of domestic violence by providing mobile phones for use in emergency situations. These are usually refurbished phones.

• The appearance of text messages gave rise to mobile novels. The first literary genre to appear in the honeycomb age, the first to be sent by SMS to a website that collects complete novels.

• Mobile phones also promote activism and public journalism that Reuters and Yahoo are exploring. And small independent news companies, like Sri Lanka's Jasmine News.

• The United Nations reports that mobile phones are spreading faster than any other technology and can improve the lives of the poorest people in developing countries by providing access to information where there are no landlines or the Internet, especially in least developed countries. Country: The use of mobile phones has also led to a large number of micro-enterprises by providing jobs, such as selling airtime on the street and repairing or refurbishing mobile phones.

• In Mali and other African countries, people used to travel from village to village to inform their family and friends about weddings, births and other events. These activities are now avoided within mobile phone coverage, which is usually better than landline coverage. The coverage is greater.

• The television industry has recently started using mobile phones to promote live television viewing through mobile applications, advertising, social television, and mobile television. 86% of Americans use cell phones while watching television.

• Mobile phone sharing is common in some parts of the world. It is common in Indian cities because groups of family and friends often share one or more mobile phones among their members. There are obvious economic benefits, but generally family customs and traditional gender roles also play a role. Usually a village only uses a mobile phone, which may be owned by a teacher or missionary, but all members of the village can make the necessary calls. 

 

Ad hoc:

Ad hoc means temporary. An ad hoc network is a group of wireless mobile computers (or nodes) in which each node cooperates by forwarding data packets to each other to allow the nodes to communicate outside the direct wireless transmission range.

 

Network:

A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In computer networks, networked computing devices transfer data to each other over data connections (network links). The data is transmitted in the form of data packets. The connection between the nodes is established by wired means or wireless means. The most famous computer network is the Internet.

The network computing equipment that initiates, routes, and terminates data is called a network node. Nodes can include hosts such as people, phones, servers, and network hardware. When a device can exchange information with another device, regardless of whether they are directly connected to each other, it can be said that two of these devices are networked. The computer network differs in the transmission medium used to carry its signals, the communication protocol used to organize network traffic, network scale, topology, and organizational intent. In most cases, communication protocols overlap (i.e. they use) other more specific or general communication protocols, except for the physical layer that directly deals with the transmission medium.

Computer network support applications, such as access to the World Wide Web, shared servers, printers and fax machines, and use of e-mail and instant messaging applications. A network is a group of two or more interconnected computer systems. There are many types of computer networks, including:

• Local Area Network (LAN)-Computers are geographically close together (that is, in the same building).

• Wide Area Network (WAN)- Computers are further separated and connected by telephone lines or radio waves.

• Camp Network (CAN)-Computers are located in a limited geographic area, such as a campus or military base.

• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)-A data network designed for towns or cities.

• Home Area Network (HAN) - A network contained in a user's home, used to connect personal digital devices.